Conflict Management Essay Example For Students

Conflict Management Essay Organizational BehaviorBut we cannot avoid conflict, conflict with society, other individuals and with oneself. Conflicts may be sources of defeat, lost life and a limitation of our potentiality, but they may also lead to a greater depth of living and the birth of more far-reaching unites, which flourish in the tensions that engender them. -Karl JaspersThe amount of entropy in corporate America has increased substantially because of two basic reasons. The first involves the immigration of a large and continuous population of ethnic, migrant workers from different corners of the world. These knowledge workers are products of varying, and at times diametrically opposing environments that in turn, affect their perceptions and subsequently the formulation of their opinions and beliefs. This may be illustrated in a comparison between two coworkers; a wealthy Swede and a lower-middle class Pakistani (first world and LDC comparison) working on the same project simultaneously. Their perspectives on several issues will vary, as their upbringing is mirror opposite. The second reason may be attributed to the era of globalization, which has created a favorable environment for mergers and acquisitions. The acquisition of smaller companies by a large firm creates large amounts of conflict within the organization, as the acquired company becomes a mere sub culture within the larger firm. A collection of these sub cultures causes cross-cultural conflicts between employees as each employee has their own fixed mindset. However, they now have to adopt a new set of (conflicting) goals, work in a different environment under a separate management team. The resultant conflict is harmful to the existing organizational environment, and unless rectified, produces a self-destruct climate that does not support the long-term goals of the corporation. As corporate America enters the next millennium, it is faced with the increasingly difficult task of integrating these varying opinions, climates and management styles to produce an environment that supports the companys long terms goals. This process of integration is better understood by studying the science of conflict management. A Conflict is a process that encompasses all kinds of antagonistic interactions (passive resistance to overt aggression) among people, designed to inhibit the attainment of goals of another party that has dissimilar and incompatible objectives. Conflict management involves resolving these negative processes through communication and compromise. It is the art of persuading two antagonistic parties to come to a workable solution on a debatable subject to attain a common goal. This paper performs an acute dissection of organizational conflict. It emphasizes that a certain amount of conflict is necessary for corporations to constantly innovate and survive in a turbulent environment. Particular attention is devoted to organizational metamorphoses in mergers and in trade negotiations between the U.S and Pacific-rim countries, as they both present cases of differing organizational cultures and ideologies. PERSPECTIVES IN CONFLICT ANALYSISConflicts can be analyzed from five different perspectives, beginning from the individual level, up to the organizational level. It starts at the individual level (Intra-indvidual conflicts) where individuals are confronted with moral dilemmas or ?deadly quarrels . The next level involves conflicts between individuals (Inter-individual conflicts) that occur because of communication gaps and differences in opinion. Individual-group conflicts are ones where individuals find themselves sparring with groups. This may occur when an individual breaks a norm. They usually occur with newer employees who are not familiar with the norms of the organization. A rung above this level of conflict involves conflict between groups, which include conflicts between all aggregations of people, regardless of size. It encompasses conflicts across departments of a firm as well as conflicts between different firms. Inter group conflicts are most commonly found in acquired c ompanies where cultural differences exist between old and new employees. The best way to resolve these conflicts involves setting up work teams within the troubled zones, whereby grievances are openly aired and defensive routines (not discussing the undiscussability of the undiscussable) are avoided. While studying an acquisition between Compaq and Tandem computers, I proposed that the establishment of work groups across all levels of the organizations consisting of Compaq and Tandem employees would be the most effective way of diffusing tension and subsequently reducing conflict between employees. Communication in small groups enable peers to interact with each other, increasing their understanding of each other which in turn increases interpersonal coordination. SOURCES OF CONFLICTConflicts usually spring from the following sources within an organization. 1. Limited Resources: Basic economics state that all resources are finite, and this promotes conflict among individuals and groups. 2. Interdependent Work activities- Differences in opinion regarding the usage of these scarce resources result in conflict as people have differences in perspective. 3. Communication problems- inadequate channels of communication between opposing parties result in the escalation of conflict. 4. Environment of the organization- this is applicable to the creation of an organizational climate in a corporation that has recently acquired other firms. Cultural differences coupled with poor communication between managers create conflict between all employees. Frequent changes in a firms environment, or the amount of turbulence in the environment often promotes conflict among members. An example is the change in importance from hardware to software in the computer industry, and the subsequent actions IBM had to take in the early 1980s. CONFLICT MANAGEMENTConflict is good! Stimulating conflict can provide several benefits to the organization. They provide the organization a means to introduce radical change. Management can drastically change the existing power structure and attitudes. While it is argued that conflict increases hostility between group members, external pressures and threats tend to make the unit more close knit. Intergroup conflicts raise the extent to which members identify with their own group and increase feelings of solidarity, while, at the same time, internal differences and irritations dissolve. Additionally, Conflicts improve group and organizational effectiveness by encouraging innovation through diversity of opinion and through the creation of a more constructive level of tension . Low-tension levels signify insufficient motivation within the group. The introduction of a conflict activates peoples gray matter and this is beneficial for the organization. Recent studies show that the ?right a mount of conflict maximizes organizational performance (See Appendix A). Although conflict does not facilitate efficiency in decision making, it prevents groupthink. Differences in opinion prevent wayward decision making as they provide a natural system of checks and balances for the group. Americas intervention in the Vietnam War is the perfect illustration of the negative effects that the lack of conflict has on the eventual decision. Recorded below are transcripts of four successive American presidents regarding the importance of Americas intervention into the Vietnam War. EISENHOWER, August 4, 1953: So when the United States votes $400 million to help that war, were not voting for a giveaway program. Were voting for the cheapest way that we can prevent the occurrence of something that would be of the most terrible significance to the United States of America, our security! KENNEDY, September 2, 1963: If we withdrew from Vietnam, the Communists would control Vietnam. Pretty soon Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Malaya would go. JOHNSON, August 2, 1965: If this little nation goes down the drain and cant maintain her independence, ask yourself, whats going to happen to all the other little nations? NIXON, March 22, 1971: If the United States now were to throw in the towel and come home and the Communists took over South Vietnam, then all over Southeast Asia, all over the Pacific, in the Mideast, in Europe, in the world, the United States would suffer a blow. And peace because we are the great peacekeeping nation in the world today, because of our power would suffer a blow from which it might not recover. Their unanimous agreement over the importance of Americas participation in the war was not questioned at any cost. That negligence on Americas part would create a domino effect in south East Asia had become the underlying assumption that was never questioned. The lack of dialogue on a topic of such magnitude points to the fact that groupthink arises from a lack of conflict. It was this lack of conflict and diversity of opinion that lead to a faulty foreign policy decision and a subsequent escalation of commitment by President Lyndon B Johnson. In a sample study to prove the effectiveness of conflict in work groups, ?Groups were formed to solve a problem. As in the typical experiment, there were experimental and control groups. The experimental group had a ?planted? member who job it was to challenge the majority view; the control groups had no such member. In all cases, the experimental groups came up with better solutions to the problem than did the control groups. However, excess conflict has a diametrically opposite impact on organizational performance (See Appendix A). It hinders team development, promotes aggression, causes indifference and has negative consequences on team spirit. Consider the National Democratic Alliance, Indias ruling party that comprised of 15 coalition members. After being elected into government in early 1998, it was toppled over within a year due to a terrific amount of friction between the coalition members. The coalition parliamentarians could not agree on a single issue and this complete lack of coordination lead to the downfall of the government and subsequently to fresh elections. Resurrection And Christ EssayThe Otis Elevator Companys entry into the Chinese market is a prime example of how conflicts can be resolved through integration, compromise and positive confrontation. The Otis Elevator Company wanted to gain access and participate in the Chinese market It would use the cheap, skilled labor to its advantage to have a competitive advantage over its competitors. Chinas primary objectives behind allowing the Otis Elevator Company into its market were to acquire advanced technology, earn valuable foreign exchange and gain management expertise. During negotiations, three major hurdles were encountered. The first hurdle involved Chinas demand to produce advanced products to substitute for imports and save valuable Chineses foreign exchange. Otis on the other hand wanted to initially transfer their more primitive technology since they could meet the demands of the market. Over a period of time, the latest technology could be transferred as they gained experie nce in the technology. Through compromise, the Chinese drew up a technology transfer schedule that entailed the transfer of the latest technology over a period of time. Otis compromised on the second Chinese demand- shared management. The contract specified that Otis assent would be necessary for major management decisions within the firm. This reflected Otis willingness to integrate their needs with the Chinese demands. The most difficult issue related to foreign exchange. The Chinese currency, the renminbi (RMB) is non-convertible and the government seldom converted foreign business earnings into foreign exchange. After much bargaining, Otis and the Chinese government agreed to a solution whereby Otis was not required to buy a fixed amount of products and the Chinese government did not have to guarantee conversion of RMB earnings. This is an excellent example of how conflicts can be successfully navigated and resolved through mutual compromise to produce a symbiotically beneficial agreement. Had their not been conflict between the two parties, it would have been a case of pure exploitation by one party against another. Through conflict management, they innovated to constitute a fresh agreement that would suit both their needs along with turbulence in the environment. I would like to conclude by reiterating the importance of constructive conflict and its management in this day and age. Conflicts are beneficial if they are harmonious and tranquil. They promote intellectual dialogue and prevent groupthink. In an age where mergers become more common by the day, conflict management holds the key to saving millions of dollars by increasing interdepartmental coordination by reducing friction between employees. Conflicts should be used as opportunities to refine behavioural patterns and constantly innovate in a changing world. We find comfort among those who agree with us. Growth among those who dont. -Frank. ClarkMy sentiments precisely. Psychology

Howard Kaloogian Essay Example For Students

Howard Kaloogian Essay From 1994-2000 Howard Kaloogian had served the people of California asa member of the California State Assembly. Kaloogian, a Republican hasbeen a leading activist in establishing fiscal responsibility, gaining ourindividual freedoms, and upholding conservative values. Howard is aconservative political leader who is a successful businessman, educator,and attorney. He has established national recognition by managing currentevents which face our country and state. The Honorable Howard Kaloogianhas lowered the income tax in the state and is fighting to develop aCalifornia Flat Tax. Selected as Assistant Republican Leader, hecampaigned and gained support across America as the leader of the DefendReagan Committee. Supporters swarmed the offices of CBS and their sponsorsto prohibit an anti-Reagan Production that was later banned fromtelevision. As the Chairman of the Recall Gray Davis Committee, Kaloogianwas able to terminate the Democratic Governor. The position was thenfilled by the Repu blicans and the successful achievement can be associatedto the dedication of the Assemblyman. Howard has addressed economic issuesand the negative effects of over regulation as a radio and documentary hostas well as a convention speaker. As a candidate for the upcoming Senateelection Howard Kaloogian understands what California needs to flourish. Kaloogian opposes President Bushs amnesty proposal on immigration. He says, It is not right to allow others to cut in line ahead of otherswho are obeying our laws. In the 1986 amnesty the problem of immigrationwas promised to be solved. At the time there were only 3 million illegalimmigrants but current estimates are now at about 13 million. Kaloogian isworking for real immigration reforms to deserving individuals. He realizesthe desire to flock to our country and embraces it. However, he knows thisprocess must be done legally and through hard work it can be done. Takingthis standpoint can fix our current unworkable amnesty which solvesnothing. Under his proposal jobs would be available to Americans ratherthan illegal immigrants. Furthermore it is unsound to reward illegalindividuals that have the opportunity to apply legally as others have done. Candidate Kaloogian is proposing a real-time access for law enforcement onevery alien seeking admission into the country. Democratic Senator BarbaraBoxer has done nothing to address this crisis. Republican Candidate BillJones supports temporary work visas, which of course would only take jobsaway from Californians. Also until the country implements a real-timesystem probably half of the immigrants would manage to stay in the countryafter their visa expired. Howard Kaloogian is fighting hard to turn our budget deficit into asurplus once again. By controlling spending through a tough spending limiton discretionary spending this is very accomplishable. According to hisplan if the President will line out excessive spending in congressionalappropriation bills we can produce a growing economy. Kaloogian hasproposed the reinstitution of the Gann limit in California which has beendestroyed. Howard feels that above all we need a Constitutional Amendmentto minimize the excessive spending in congressional appropriation bills. Candidate Toni Casey wants to bring $58 billion dollars to California tosupport our infrastructure. How she plans on accomplishing that goal isunknown because she offers no plan, just a large figure of money. While Senator Barbara Boxer defends the horrible procedure ofabortion, Candidate Kaloogian is meeting the needs of women who feel theyhave no other choice. Howard will address the needs of pregnant andparenting women by drawing a blueprint to make positive changes. Byengaging leaders in all aspects of society this can be done. Societysfailure to help women has to change before more women are emotionallyscared after an abortion. Studies show that women after an abortion have ahigher risk of cervical, breast, and uterine cancer. To not address thesehealth concerns as Barbara Boxer continues to do is an injustice to women. .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 , .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 .postImageUrl , .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 , .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4:hover , .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4:visited , .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4:active { border:0!important; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4:active , .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4 .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b7e4d84d0daf3c7836185b3859880b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Technology is Changing Education EssayHoward believes women deserve something better. By informing women aboutthe impact of abortion and discovering the root causes of so many abortionswill aid in giving women alternatives. Challenger Bill Jones, during theMarch primary tried to hide from the issue by saying Women in Californiaare concerned about safe streets, national defense and keeping our borderssecure. By hiding from the issue, the needs of women are ignored and theproblem only worsening. Another issue concerning our country in which Candidate Kaloogian hasaddressed continuously is our National defense. Howard feels military paycontinues to lag behind civilian jobs in the private sector. To defend ourAmerican interests Howard understands the need to keep a modernizedmilitary. He feels strongly that to achieve this Congress must investedmore money in special operations and reconnaissance. Having served fouryears in the U.S. Marines Corps elite force reconnaissance community Iobserved first hand this need Howard is addressing.Lack of advancedtechnological communication equipment and electronic warfare assets haslowered our defense capabilities. Candidate Kaloogian understands the needfor more money to help increase our capabilities and provide competitivewages to retain members of the military. An issue that Republican Contenders Bill Jones, Toni Casey andRosario Marin have neglected to speak out about is there positionconcerning marriage. Candidate Kaloogian has not been so timid and hasstated that he is opposed to same sex marriages. Howard feels, just as thePresident does that the Constitution needs to be amended to specificallystate that marriage is between a man and women. With a current threat,predominantly in the state of California of same sex marriages, HowardKaloogian is taking a stand to end the debate over the acceptance over suchmarriages. Candidates in all areas of politics during their campaign oftenpromise tax cuts to stimulate the economy. The problem lies in thecandidates lack of a plan to accomplish the cuts. Howard Kaloogian willnot fall victim to this because he has created a tax system that he saysIs fair, simple, efficient, and understandable. Howard is going tocreate a loophole-free flat tax. The outcome of this would be an increasein federal revenue and the growth of our economy. Supporting a candidatethat has a solid plan to aide in the advancement of California is vital. Other candidates have the same desire as Howard but offer very difficultimplementations to accomplish this goal. This fair tax system CandidateKaloogian is proposing is both simple and fair. While all of Howards opponents are admirable individuals they lackin creating the systems necessary for growth in California. If you want anindividual to help President Bush fight to improve our economy by loweringtaxes and creating jobs then you can find that individual in HowardKaloogian. With a proven track record in accomplishing his goals, Howardis dedicated to providing the highest level of service to Californians. Howard Kaloogian is knowledgeable and a proven leader who can advanceCalifornia to a level no other candidate can. His vision is not only onethat he speaks about, but one that will be implemented when in office. Ifyou want to observe California experience positive changes then vote forHoward Kaloogian on Election Day.

The Human Origins Of War Essay Research free essay sample

The Human Origins Of War Essay, Research Paper Human nature, and the extent to which it straight effects our behavior, is a beginning of intense contention. This is reflected in the argument sing the aggressive nature of worlds and the grade to which they are inherently aggressive. However, surveies indicate that worlds are inherently aggressive and that our behavior is defined by familial belongingss, and influenced by cultural and environmental factors. However, this does non propose that aggression is our specifying characteristic, or that it can non be controlled by society. Our reaction to, and abetment of, war illustrates this. It is widely recognised that it is this built-in nature that has lead to war on major and minor graduated tables, but it is non an inevitable consequence of human nature. Many taking intellectuals utilise the inactive nature of adult females as a contentious statement to our aggressive nature. However, this is a limited statement that can be consistently disproven once we recognise the societal restr ictions that are used to control the female aggressive nature. We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Origins Of War Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aggressiveness is recognised by several outstanding intellectuals. William James states that, combat and war seeded to fulfill deep-seated demands of persons and societies, demands that were presumed to be built-in in all worlds, proposing that our aggressiveness has inevitable decisions. Freud besides supported this statement and maintained that human open aggression is a consequence of internal aggressive thrusts being redirected at others: adult male needs to fulfill his demands. Thomas Hobbes expands on this by saying that worlds are self-serving, greedy and selfish in respects to fulfilling their demands. These perceptual experiences of human nature indicate a instead black position of human aggression, nevertheless by researching why this aggression occurs we understand that in itself it is non a strictly destructive facet of our nature. The controversial statement sing the nature versus raising argument contributes to our apprehension of aggression. Those intellectuals who su pport the nature construct of aggression discuss both ethology and sociobiology. Simplistically, ethology provinces that adult male is the merchandise of two million old ages of biological development, while sociobiology argues that although biological development has considerable influence, the importance must be placed on the interaction of cistrons with their cultural environment. Conversely, the raising argument argues that aggression is strictly determined by cultural influences and that biological considerations are non of import. Unlike the raising argument or ethology, sociobiology represents right the belief that aggression is an built-in facet of our nature, but that it can be induced or controlled by our cultural and societal environment. The theories of sociobiologists are supported by our look of aggression in the pastoral phase of our development. Initially worlds appeared to be a comparatively peaceable society, nevertheless our patterned advances from the hunter-gath erer to the pastoral phase lead to an addition in aggression, providing a trigger for our built-in aggression. As Richard Leaky wrote: every bit shortly as people commit themselves to agricultural nutrient production they commit themselves to supporting the land they farm. To run off is to confront certain loss. This demonstrates how our environment cultivates our built-in aggression, and illustrates that worlds will act in an aggressive mode when provoked. This may look disheartening, because it seems to province that human aggression is inevitable. However, this aggression can be channeled into other patterns that have less negative results than force and war. Sport is a good illustration of imparting aggression. Society often encourages its public to bask, and take part in, activities where adult male can confront an opposition and show his aggression. This aggressive thrust is besides important as an evolutionary factor in human development. It is our battle for endurance, and s ubsequently domination, that has lead to our cultural and technological promotions. Aggressiveness has added to adult males familial fittingness ; through saving of the territorial balance, defence of the immature, and endurance of the fittest. Despite aggressions negative intensions it is a necessary facet of our nature and is required to further human s development. Charles Darwin supported this theory and stated that, adult male, like every other animate being, has no uncertainty advanced to his present high status through a battle for being, he besides stated that ; if he is to progress s boulder clay higher, it is to be feared that he must stay capable to a terrible battle. Clearly aggression has its positive utilizations in society, but we can non bury that it besides has had a destructive influence on our society, chiefly in inciting war. Human nature, and its look of aggression, has a considerable impact on war. It can non be overlooked as a conducive factor, although the extent to which it instigates war is controversial. Kenneth Waltz discussed the three images of war, and it is the first image that straight concerns itself with the application of human nature. Waltz maintains that war consequences from selfishness, and misdirected aggressive urges. This supports the earlier contention that aggression can be negatively directed into warring state of affairss. This theory suggests that human nature, and aggression, are a primary cause of war, although they have non blindly stated that it is the lone factor. Waltz besides illustrated nevertheless, that all other factors must be evaluated in visible radiation of understanding the impact of aggression. Niebuhr wrote simplistically that war has its beginnings in, dark, unconscious beginnings in the human nature, he appears to be lending war as an inevitable act of human nature. However, this is a terrible dictum and Niebuhr does non recognize that human nature is besides the supplier of peace. Waltz right highlighted human nature as the cause of war in 1914, but he besides pointed out that it was the cause of peace in 1910. Human nature can be manipulated by fortunes to ensue in war ; our built-in aggressive nature can unluckily ensue in an aggressive response in times of emphasis, whether that emphasis is economic, political, or societal. However, this built-in aggressiveness can non be used as an alibi for doing war ; it is a powerful conducive factor, but it can be controlled and diverted into other manifestations. Despite the obvious usage of our built-in aggression, adult females are frequently utilized as grounds back uping that aggression is a consequence of purely environmental factors. The evident inactive function of adult females in our society is proof that work forces are merely aggressive because society expects them to act in this m ode, and encourages them to make so. However, this is a comparatively limited statement. Both work forces and adult females are born with an built-in aggressiveness, but adult females have terrible cultural restrictions that restrict their look of aggression. Womans have traditionally non participated in whole graduated table war because they are perceived to be physically inferior to work forces, and this deficiency of engagement has contributed to the perceptual experience that adult females are non aggressive by nature. However, an aggressive nature has been apparent in the yesteryear ; adult females have been significantly involved historically in opposition and terrorist groups. Even noncombative adult females have displayed an aggressive nature. A quotation mark from J. Gray stated, many a combat soldier in World War Two was appalled to have letters from his girlfriend, or married woman, safe at place, demanding to cognize how many of the enemy he had personally accounted for and frequently bespeaking the decease of several more as a personal favour for her. This illustrated that although adult females may be culturally restrained in showing their aggression, it still exists and it is as inherent in their nature as it is in males. It is evident that human nature has an inherently aggressive constituent. The controversial definitions of human nature, and the influence it has on worlds behaviour, has been convincingly argued by many respected intellectuals. Ethology, sociobiology, and a scientific accent on environmental factors, all contribute to specifying human nature and the presence, or deficiency of, built-in aggression. It is clear that sociobiology provides a scientific attack to understanding the built-in aggression of persons, without leting this to be an alibi for the look of this aggression. Despite the being of this built-in demand, sociobiology allows that the environment topographic points limitations of worlds that can enable our society to map without regressing to this demand, and its look in war. Both work forces, and adult females, are capable to built-in aggression and it is an inevitable consequence of our natural, undeveloped nature. But we must besides recognize the ability of worlds to believe and act rationally, and it is this factor that will forestall built-in aggressiveness from going a unequivocal facet of human society, and provides us with an optimistic hereafter without ineluctable arrested development to warfare. 338

Aqua Regia Definition in Chemistry

Aqua Regia Definition in Chemistry Aqua Regia Definition Aqua regia is a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3) at a ratio of either 3:1 or 4:1. It is a reddish-orange or yellowish-orange fuming liquid. The term is a Latin phrase, meaning kings water. The name reflects the ability of aqua regia to dissolve the noble metals gold, platinum, and palladium. Note aqua regia will not dissolve all noble metals. For example, iridium and tantalum are not dissolved.Also Known As: Aqua regia is also known as  royal water, or nitro-muriatic acid (1789 name by Antoine Lavoisier) Aqua Regia History Some records indicate a Muslim alchemist  discovered aqua regia around 800 AD by mixing a salt with vitriol (sulfuric acid). Alchemists in the Middle Ages tried to use aqua regia to find the philosphers stone. The process to make the acid was not described in chemistry literature until 1890. The most interesting story about aqua regia is about an event that occurred during World War II. When Germany invaded Denmark, the chemist George de Hevesy dissolved the Nobel Prize medals belonging to Max von Laue and James Franck into aqua regia. He did this to prevent the Nazis from taking the medals, which were made of gold. He put the solution of aqua regia and gold on the shelf in his lab at the Niels Bohr Institute, where it looked like just another jar of chemicals. de Hevesy returned to his laboratory when the war was over and reclaimed the jar. The recovered the gold and gave it to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences so the Nobel Foundation to re-make the Nobel prize medals to give to Laue and Franck. Aqua Regia Uses Aqua regia is useful to dissolve gold  and platinum and finds application in the extraction and purification of these metals. Chloroauric acid may be made by using aqua regia to produce electrolytes for the Wohlwill process. This process refines gold to extremely high purity (99.999%). A similar process is used to produce high-purity platinum. Aqua regia is used to etch metals and for analytic chemical analysis. The acid is used to clean metals and organics from machines and laboratory glassware. In particular, its preferable to use aqua regia rather than chromic acid to clean NMR tubes because chromic acid is toxic and because it deposits traces of chromium, which ruin NMR spectra. Aqua Regia Hazards Aqua regia should be prepared immediately before use. Once the acids are mixed, they continue to react. Although the solution remains a strong acid following decomposition, it loses effectiveness. Aqua regia is extremely corrosive and reactive. Lab accidents have occurred when the acid exploded. Disposal Depending on local regulations and the specific use of aqua regia, the acid may be neutralized using a base and poured down the drain or the solution should be stored for disposal. Generally, aqua regia shouldnt be poured down the drain when the solution contains potentially toxic dissolved metals.

A qualitative research critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

A qualitative research critique - Essay Example Concerning these challenges, there are various guidelines developed in the past few years that can be utilised while examining a qualitative research paper, such as the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) framework (Mack & et. al., 2010). There are various aspects which needs utmost consideration while critiquing a qualitative research. For instance, the coherence of the topic being critiqued should be appropriate for the qualitative enquiry (Boswell & Cannon, 2010). It is also vital for the literature review to be consistent with the methods that has been selected for the study. The article chosen for the critique also needs to possess sufficient account regarding the informants, the chosen subject matter as well as the researcher(s). In addition, there must be adequate description regarding the methods applied for information assembling as well as information analysis. It is significant for an effective critique to possess a sound conclusion (Forchuk, & Roberts, 1993). With due regards to these aspects, the purpose of this discussion is to demonstrate how a particular qualitative research paper can be critiqued by using CASP framework. The article that will be examined is â€Å"Like a Trip to Macdonald: A Grounded Theory Study of Patient Experiences of Day Surgery† by Anne Mottram. ... bed as a form of social enquiry which emphasises upon the approach of interpretation conducted by humans concerning a particular issue effectively utilising their understanding. The major objective of a qualitative research is to acquire a better understanding about the social reality witnessed by the individuals along with the prevailing cultures and groups (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., n.d.). In other words, the idea of qualitative research is often described as the procedure of gathering, interpreting as well as analysing data by examining the activities of the individuals. It is duly based upon subjective matters implementing various crucial approaches such as focus groups and interviews in order to collect valuable information (Flick, 2009). It is in this context that the nature of qualitative research is viewed to be an open-minded as well as an exploratory one. Even though, a qualitative research approach tends to reflect a wide implication on the identified issue, it is considere d to be less costly in comparison to other researches. It is broadly regarded to be an effective process in the area of obtaining necessary information about the communication requirements as well as the responses of the people along with their views concerning specific issues or rather concerns (Anderson, 2006). Moreover, the facet of qualitative research is also defined as a kind of research which is dedicated towards developing an improved understanding of various human approaches along with their behavioural attitudes. The studies which are involved with the qualitative research usually embrace case studies, ethnographies and also descriptive studies (Oxford University Press, n.d.). Apart from the studies, the different methods associated with qualitative research include observations

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 22

Art - Essay Example rial space needs to be consisted and the logic of the linear perspective must be applied to each and every form that recedes into the distance and they include humans and also other animal forms. Still in the conservation process, the artists are required to work back and forth, Consequently, they are expected to look at the tip of the obelisk with their one eye opened. The atmospheric perspective refers to the final constituent of the optically based system that represents the whole world and was developed by the recovery and the Chinese and the Japanese have utilized it in making their suggestions for broad vistas of receding. Concerning isometric perspective, it has been observed that the converging lines of linear perspective are always on the basis of a fixed viewpoint to an earthbound viewer. The article also talks about time and motion and states that they have always been linked to works of art in the world because time as an element and motion is the very sign of life. It is until late in the 20th century that time and motion took their place as elements in western art by the simple reason of the advancement of technology and the dynamics of the real life situation. To conclude, the type of art that moves is referred to s kinetic art but the term motion is not fixed to the artworks themselves. As we make our move down through the spiral canyon of time, erecting walls to either side to lean outwards and then inwards and in the process continue modifying the space with which we live and the experience that we have on

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 45

Personal Statement Example As an experienced class lecturer, I know that my students have a tendency to go a few steps ahead of me in terms of their computer know-how since they are allowed the freedom to experiment with the technology and see where it goes. In order for me to ensure that I will always have the upper hand during class lectures, and also be in a better position for tenureship at the university, I need to beef up my educational resume and gain knowledge and information that my students have yet to come across or conceptualize in their minds. It is my duty and responsibility to ensure that I present the most current knowledge and trends in computing and informatics to them in a manner that they can easily absorb. I will admit that I also have a personal reason for wishing to complete a Phd, that of becoming a published professor in the future who will leave a definite impact upon the research being done in this particular field. Currently, I am on track in pursuit of my goal of becoming an Assistant Professor at SEU. However, I cannot fully achieve that goal without a PhD degree. I hope to be able to fast track my career plans after completing this degree and assisting or developing research that will help to shape the future of computing and informatics particularly in terms of its ability to help shape the future of my country. As a recipeient of a Saudi government scholarship grant, I feel privileged to have the opportunity to pursue my research plans in the field of Human Computer Interaction. This is a field of computer study that has a tremendous amount of professional growth potential in my country in terms of career advancement. I plan to get in on the ground floor and ride the trend all the way to the top. Becoming one of the most notable experts in this field in my country. It is because of my desire to actively pursue this research that I have chosen to apply for